My One Piece Of Media Is A Song By Beyonce - 881 Words

Sociologists can analyze the most important aspects of life such as, love, romance, intimacy, marriage and family. My one piece of media is a song by Beyoncà © called â€Å"Cater 2 U.† The song is about letting your man know that you appreciate his hard work and showing that it is the women’s job is to temporarily take the stress away. Heterosexual imaginary of appreciation is viewed in the song â€Å"Cater 2 U† by the emphasis on feeding the man. The heterosexual imaginary about relationships focus on pleasing a man by cooking dinner. Stevi Jackson a sociologist states, Heteronormativity standardizes gender performances and expands outside of just the assumption that everyone is heterosexual. Heteronormativity gives a standard for what’s expected for a certain gender. The social structure of gender is constructed through women who cannot cook are viewed as undesirable to men. Also, women who do not keep themselves looking attractive for a man, society v iews that as deal breaker for why a man would leave you. An example from the song Cater 2 U, â€Å"I’ll keep it tight, I ll keep my figure right I ll keep, My Hair Fixed,† † this exactly shows us a glimpse of the heterosexual imaginary of women. These things are what women perceive as what a relationship should be. Most men are not viewed as this shallow, when it comes to what they want it is pretty simple. Some women cannot see because of all these social norms, The social structure of race in the terms of minorities usually will sayShow MoreRelatedWhy Are All Of The Black Kids Sitting Together?1170 Words   |  5 Pageswalks of life. {{{One book I would use in this course, would be a text that we have used this semester. This book being â€Å"Why Are All of the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† by Beverly Tatum. It was a quick enough read, it made sense, and was easy to retain. This book had an emotional impact on me, and I have a feeling it would impact many students like the ones before me. }}}} *take out A piece of music I would use in my class would be an album called â€Å"Lemonade† by Beyonce, but more specificallyRead MoreThe Music Of Music Today1936 Words   |  8 Pageshonking and rushing by is all I can hear. I hit the FM button on my radio. When the radio comes on, I hear a song I have never heard before. Really enjoying it, I sing along and jam out to it. The music is the soundtrack to my drive. It blocks out the sound of the highway winds and cars driving by. An hour later, I get back into my car and hear the same song. I sing along but do not jam as enthusiastically this time. After hearing that same song more than ten times in a week, I feel as if I am a movie characterRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe portrayal of adolescence in film is a relatively new concept, and one that many directors have attempted in their career to varying results. Some directors are able to capture the awkward, bumbling phase of adolescence perfectly. However, there are some representations of teenagers that cause much debate, and can generally leave viewers confused about the director’s intentions. On one hand, a director can undoubtedly celebrate teenage culture through a variety of techniques, however on the otherRead MoreThe Creative Industries Of Kanye West1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthe award for Best Female Video, and while she was accepting her award, West interrupted claiming that Beyonce Knowles deserved the award. This resulted in a lot of controversy and backlash towards West including slurs, threats of violence and even threats of lynching. Kanye West justified his actions in terms of the racial politics present in awards shows, the music industry, and the mass media more generally (Cullen). Within a week however, West was featured in an interview with Jay Leno and publiclyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Biography Kanye West Essay2472 Words   |  10 Pages1977, is a world renown rapper, songwriter, record producer , fashion designer, and entrepreneur. among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century, and is one of the best-selling artists of all time, having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time. (Kyles, 2013) Kanye was born to Donda West, an English professor, and Ray West, a former Black Panther and influentialRead MoreNew Ways Of Survive As An Independent Recording Artist2006 Words   |  9 PagesIndependent Recording Artist INTRODUCTION Forget everything you think you know about what it takes to be a successful independent recording artist! On some level, as a struggling independent recording artist or musician, you might think that any one of the following habits will bring you success: †¢ Having a mesmerizing image that matches your music †¢ Breaking a sweat †¢ Going broke to succeed †¢ Hanging on until a record company scopes you out†¦ †¦How far has all this gotten you up until now? WithRead MoreZachary Hinck 4/24/14 WTRG 1150 The Freemasons Conspiracy For generations and throughout the1700 Words   |  7 Pages Zachary Hinck 4/24/14 WTRG 1150 The Freemasons Conspiracy For generations and throughout the United States history one conspiracy kept plausible. The question whether or not the Illuminati is present in our world today. They are the top players in the world professional playground, which include 13 bloodlines which are extremely rich, and they are the individuals who want to control the world from behind the scenes. Besides the 13 Bloodline, there is also hundreds of other men, with a few exceptionsRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Write Mills1409 Words   |  6 Pageswith my cousin because we had both stayed home from school that day. When my mom and aunt explained what happened I knew this was serious because they were crying. We watched the news and I saw one of the buildings collapse. I saw people running, screaming and crying, covered in ash. I also saw something I’ll never forget; a man jumped out the window of the building that was still standing. My mom ushered me out of the room after we saw this, but it has stayed with me to this day. I was one of theRead MoreThe Purpose Of Music Video2471 Words   |  10 Pagesfamous piece of classical music. The original music videos were shot in the 1950s. In 1956 Tony Bennett was shooting walking along The Serpentine in Hyde Park as his song ‘Stranger in Paradise’ played. This was dispersed to TV stations in the UK and US. The Beatles first major motion picture ‘A hard Day’s Night’ in 1964 arguably set out the basic visual vocabulary of today’s music videos. Penny Lane in 1967 used methods derived from underground and avant garde film to exemplify the song in an artfulRead MoreWomen s Rights And Representation Of Society, Media, And The Workforce2662 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"23 The man said, This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called woman, for she was taken out of man. 24 For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh.†- Genesis 2:23-24 Women and men were created equally. The belief that women were the weaker sex has spread around the globe since the early days. From that condescending thinking, the stereotype that women are ‘inferior’ to men has developed; however

Literature Review - 1343 Words

This paper consists of literature review of previous researches conducted related to the effect of utility model on innovation and technological growth of South Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and Germany. I will discuss the following: how patent and utility model contributes uniquely to innovation and technological growth to countries in different economic growth phase, in terms of total factor productivity (TFP), detailed costs and benefits, and commonality of each type of intellectual property (IP) protection system, conduct case studies on China, South Korea, Japan, and Australia by comparing the trend of patent and utility model application to the level of TFP, discussions about the findings and a conclusion. Patents promote†¦show more content†¦This is a case for social inefficiency. In this case, if charging for access excludes some would-be consumers, the result is waste. The example of AIDS drugs illustrates this point: AIDS drugs are relatively inexpensive to produce. They are sufficiently inexpensive to produce, that the benefits to in lives saved exceed the costs of producing the drugs by orders of magnitude (Foray, 2010). But because of patents, no price competition is permitted and the patent holders (the large pharmaceutical companies) charge such an enormous premium over the cost of producing the drugs – to reap large profits from sales in rich countries – that individuals in many countries cannot afford them. Here is an example where the overpricing has real and enormous social costs. Empirical analyses of historical data have emphasized the role of patent laws in creating incentives to invent, promoting innovation, and encouraging economic growth (Khan and Sokoloff 1993; Lamoreaux and Sokoloff 1999; Khan 2005). Patent rights affect the process of cumulative innovation by knowledge spillovers which they have to disclose information about patent – it lies at the heart of the recent macroeconomic theory literature on innovation and growth, like endogenous growth models discussed by Grossman and Helpman (1991), Aghion and Howitt (!992), and Acemoglu and Akcigit (2012). There remainShow MoreRelatedEssay Literature Review1001 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate-level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. You will research and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review? â€Å"A literature review discusses published informationRead MoreNarrative Literature Reviews1589 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative literature reviews Introduction n A literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of the work that has been published on a particular topic n A literature review should convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on a topic and their strengths and limitations Why undertake a literature review? n To provide a review of the current knowledge in a particular field n Provide a description of research studies n Identify gaps in current knowledge n Identify emergingRead MoreImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreHrd Audit Literature Review683 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Review If you believe everything you read, better not read. (Japanese Proverb) [pic] What is a literature review? A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic in the past. Its purpose is to inform the reader what has been established about a topic and what the strengths and weaknesses are. A literature review must be defined by a guiding concept and should not be a list of all the material that you can find (Porter, S. 2008, p.49). What isRead MoreA Literature Review : The Walden University Library Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesA literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar-authors’ of researchers related to several topics. A literature search for evidence-based research can be overpowering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence-based research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence-based practice and encompasses systemic reviews, criticallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Telemedicine On Health, A Systematic Literature Review1530 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction To evaluate and study the impact of telemedicine in health, a systematic literature review was conducted. An electronic research through the University of Maryland library was done the articles selected dated from 2000 to 2014. A total of 12 articles was reviewed that dealt with clinical outcomes, efficacy, patient and provider satisfaction. Telemedicine as an emerging field can greatly improve the outcomes of healthcare thus resulting in decrease the delivery cost of healthcare. WhileRead MoreLiterature Review : The Class Collage By Jeff Sommers1503 Words   |  7 Pagesexploitation† by Matt Zwolinski is about the ethical questions that are raised about the moral claim of the conditions in sweatshop that are accepted by choice and exploited for gains. These two peered review articles both shows some common similarity and a minute different between the two Identification Both peer-review articles use MLA citation. They both have a lengthy work cited pages/ references at the end of the article. The citations are alphabetically put in order and the citation itself is shown byRead MoreReview Of Formative Fictions : Imaginative Literature And The Training Of The Capacities `` Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesNayiri Khatchadourian HNRS 63W Prof. Bruce Stone 6 June 2017 The Consequence of Reading Fiction In his essay †Formative Fictions: Imaginative Literature and the Training of the Capacities†, Joshua Landy, professor at Stanford University, aims to explain the function of fiction and the reward of our engagement with literary works. Landy highlights three theories of the function of fiction: the exemplary branch, which invites the reader to consider characters as models for emulation or avoidance,Read MoreReview Of Literature Review On Literature Essay2370 Words   |  10 PagesChapter - 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature survey is undertaken to study and analyze the finding of other researcher in their studies that are related to the subject under consideration. 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Houshold Gods Free Essays

â€Å"Their life gave our lives meaning, but broken homes will not set again. Their parting was our dissolution, they will never know their household gods are slain. † An intense end to Philip Hobsbaum’s poem ‘Household gods’ which presents the life of a broken home after the people that lived there have parted and left. We will write a custom essay sample on Houshold Gods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through the use of personification, rhyme, punctuation and diction, these small speeches convey the idea of a once happy and lively household now lost and the mournful end it faces. Philip Hobsbaum’s design of structure, punctuation and rhyme establish the furniture’s’ personified being. The poem is divided into nine stanzas, each consist of four lines enclosed by quotation marks to show a different speaker in each stanza. In the first, eighth, and ninth stanza the second and fourth lines rhyme, and these stanzas are spoken by the gods as a group. In stanzas two to seven, they speak as individuals, the first and third lines rhyme as well as the second and fourth. This personification of the gods allow them to identify with the reader at a more personal level and be able to connect with him, The first stanza is spoken by the entire household, describing its role in observing the breaking of the lives of this couple â€Å"I saw them. I was there. † The author introduces the poem with a gloomy heavy tone, relying on words such as â€Å"breaking,† â€Å"distraught,† and â€Å"despair. † The couples’ breakup is â€Å"mirrored† by the household and foreshadows their future departure. The second and third stanzas are from an individual point of view, they represent some of the couple’s possessions recollecting their joyful past. At first, what seems to be a musical instrument belonging to the woman grieves its disuse, stating that it has â€Å"so long been silent† and it laments over the days when her â€Å"long fingers once caressed [it]. † It also introduces a passionate part of the couple’s relationship previously as it asks: â€Å"was that how at one time she touched him? † The third stanza introduces male’s possession as it recalls a happy past when â€Å"his lips on mine†¦warmed my clay. † This god is most likely a mug that the occupant used, and now he describes the â€Å"kiss† that he used to receive as â€Å"broken and swept away. These missing parts of the house are what take its life away; music brings joy to a home, and coffee in the morning is an indicator of life. The couple’s relationship can be related to the cup, as it was once warm full of embraces and kisses ‘in the morning or in darkness’, and now it is broken and being â€Å"swept away† as it ends. A rug mentions its experience next; it describes the past state of the couple as it used to serve ‘their steady feet,’ but now their steps are ‘tentative’ as they become more reluctant to come across each other. In the past there was a sense of life to the house, but now the carpet feels sorrowful as it becomes a â€Å"street for strangers† as it is no longer able to recognize the transformed couple. It expresses its dismay in the last line which does not flow with the previous stanza to show its feeling of worthlessness and abandonment; it used to serve this couple but now it is merely â€Å"jute and wool† at the front of the house. The god in the fourth stanza, a room or the house also reflects on its abandoned state. It describes the time when they cared for it and made it â€Å"in terms of their vision†, however, the state that the room is in at this point shows neglect and deterioration as the â€Å"walls are pealing. † The house relates to the rug, as it also begins to feel useless after his â€Å"occupants have fled. † The sixth and seventh stanzas describe the final scene that this house lives. The sixth stanza is spoken by a clock, which ironically speaks of time which does not repeat itself, unlike her hands. It also speaks about â€Å"the climactial moment† which has passed and will never reoccur again, no matter â€Å"whoever will come. This may refer to the house, which has reached an optimum point, and is now falling and could never be restored. The clock tries to â€Å"cough a final chime† but it so badly neglected that it couldn’t â€Å"henceforth [it is] dumb†. The seventh stanza is very similar to the first, except that it is being spoken from an individual point of view. A mirror is speaking about how it â€Å"mirrored their coming here† and is now watching them leave; it is only concerned about â€Å"their outer semblance† since it only deals with superficial aspects of people. The repetition of this stanza serves as closure to the relationship of this couple and their departure, leaving the house for destruction and decay. The final two stanzas are spoken by the gods as a whole, describing the death of the gods as life leaves the house for good. The eighth stanza describes the image of the house: ‘without a purpose,’ ‘chairs not to be sat on,’ ‘the books are stacked’. The author uses a metaphor in the last line ‘a house grown cold’ to emphasize the death of the house, similar to the way a human corpse becomes after all life has disappeared from it and it slowly starts decaying. The final stanza shows the reader that these gods cannot live without the presence of occupants, â€Å"their life gave ours meaning. † Yet there is no possible way for the return of these gods as â€Å"broken homes will not set again†, the concluding presence of the gods is set in the last line â€Å"they will never know their household gods are slain† in order to show the oblivious manner of the couple who will never know of the suffering that those around them went through, and they will never learn of their death. In this poem, Philip Hobsbaum integrates emotions with household objects in order to allow the reader to relate to a broken household. The author shows the strong consequences that are caused by a broken home, and the need for a strong relationship to maintain it. Hobsbaum seeks to show the readers that a broken home causes such powerful destruction, such as the death of gods, in order to motivate couples to maintain strong relationships, for their farewells are able to create irreversible damage. How to cite Houshold Gods, Papers Houshold Gods Free Essays â€Å"Their life gave our lives meaning, but broken homes will not set again. Their parting was our dissolution, they will never know their household gods are slain. † An intense end to Philip Hobsbaum’s poem ‘Household gods’ which presents the life of a broken home after the people that lived there have parted and left. We will write a custom essay sample on Houshold Gods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through the use of personification, rhyme, punctuation and diction, these small speeches convey the idea of a once happy and lively household now lost and the mournful end it faces. Philip Hobsbaum’s design of structure, punctuation and rhyme establish the furniture’s’ personified being. The poem is divided into nine stanzas, each consist of four lines enclosed by quotation marks to show a different speaker in each stanza. In the first, eighth, and ninth stanza the second and fourth lines rhyme, and these stanzas are spoken by the gods as a group. In stanzas two to seven, they speak as individuals, the first and third lines rhyme as well as the second and fourth. This personification of the gods allow them to identify with the reader at a more personal level and be able to connect with him, The first stanza is spoken by the entire household, describing its role in observing the breaking of the lives of this couple â€Å"I saw them. I was there. † The author introduces the poem with a gloomy heavy tone, relying on words such as â€Å"breaking,† â€Å"distraught,† and â€Å"despair. † The couples’ breakup is â€Å"mirrored† by the household and foreshadows their future departure. The second and third stanzas are from an individual point of view, they represent some of the couple’s possessions recollecting their joyful past. At first, what seems to be a musical instrument belonging to the woman grieves its disuse, stating that it has â€Å"so long been silent† and it laments over the days when her â€Å"long fingers once caressed [it]. † It also introduces a passionate part of the couple’s relationship previously as it asks: â€Å"was that how at one time she touched him? † The third stanza introduces male’s possession as it recalls a happy past when â€Å"his lips on mine†¦warmed my clay. † This god is most likely a mug that the occupant used, and now he describes the â€Å"kiss† that he used to receive as â€Å"broken and swept away. These missing parts of the house are what take its life away; music brings joy to a home, and coffee in the morning is an indicator of life. The couple’s relationship can be related to the cup, as it was once warm full of embraces and kisses ‘in the morning or in darkness’, and now it is broken and being â€Å"swept away† as it ends. A rug mentions its experience next; it describes the past state of the couple as it used to serve ‘their steady feet,’ but now their steps are ‘tentative’ as they become more reluctant to come across each other. In the past there was a sense of life to the house, but now the carpet feels sorrowful as it becomes a â€Å"street for strangers† as it is no longer able to recognize the transformed couple. It expresses its dismay in the last line which does not flow with the previous stanza to show its feeling of worthlessness and abandonment; it used to serve this couple but now it is merely â€Å"jute and wool† at the front of the house. The god in the fourth stanza, a room or the house also reflects on its abandoned state. It describes the time when they cared for it and made it â€Å"in terms of their vision†, however, the state that the room is in at this point shows neglect and deterioration as the â€Å"walls are pealing. † The house relates to the rug, as it also begins to feel useless after his â€Å"occupants have fled. † The sixth and seventh stanzas describe the final scene that this house lives. The sixth stanza is spoken by a clock, which ironically speaks of time which does not repeat itself, unlike her hands. It also speaks about â€Å"the climactial moment† which has passed and will never reoccur again, no matter â€Å"whoever will come. This may refer to the house, which has reached an optimum point, and is now falling and could never be restored. The clock tries to â€Å"cough a final chime† but it so badly neglected that it couldn’t â€Å"henceforth [it is] dumb†. The seventh stanza is very similar to the first, except that it is being spoken from an individual point of view. A mirror is speaking about how it â€Å"mirrored their coming here† and is now watching them leave; it is only concerned about â€Å"their outer semblance† since it only deals with superficial aspects of people. The repetition of this stanza serves as closure to the relationship of this couple and their departure, leaving the house for destruction and decay. The final two stanzas are spoken by the gods as a whole, describing the death of the gods as life leaves the house for good. The eighth stanza describes the image of the house: ‘without a purpose,’ ‘chairs not to be sat on,’ ‘the books are stacked’. The author uses a metaphor in the last line ‘a house grown cold’ to emphasize the death of the house, similar to the way a human corpse becomes after all life has disappeared from it and it slowly starts decaying. The final stanza shows the reader that these gods cannot live without the presence of occupants, â€Å"their life gave ours meaning. † Yet there is no possible way for the return of these gods as â€Å"broken homes will not set again†, the concluding presence of the gods is set in the last line â€Å"they will never know their household gods are slain† in order to show the oblivious manner of the couple who will never know of the suffering that those around them went through, and they will never learn of their death. In this poem, Philip Hobsbaum integrates emotions with household objects in order to allow the reader to relate to a broken household. The author shows the strong consequences that are caused by a broken home, and the need for a strong relationship to maintain it. Hobsbaum seeks to show the readers that a broken home causes such powerful destruction, such as the death of gods, in order to motivate couples to maintain strong relationships, for their farewells are able to create irreversible damage. How to cite Houshold Gods, Papers

The Only Imperial Power in Asia free essay sample

In the nineteenth century, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as other Asian nations faced European imperialism. However, only Japan transformed its traditional society and became the only country in Asia that had colony outside. In my point of view, the Japanese success is depending on determination of the government and the strength of it reform. So what makes Japan have the determination to reform the whole traditional society entirely? Opium War: In 1840, Britain started the Opium War in China. Because of corruption of the Chinese government and Advanced British army, in the end of the war, China was defeated. Japan shocked. China, a wealth and strong empire, an advanced country Japan learned from for thousand years, failed in a war with a real empire. Japanese contemplated and hesitated. What they should do when they have to face those strong enemies. I think that one of the reason why the Black Ships arrived in Japan in 1853 and forced Japanese to accept them, and Japan did so, even with welcoming attitudes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Only Imperial Power in Asia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides, at that time, Japan didn’t have ability to defeat those aggressors. More and more western countries came to Japan with new technologies, new products and new work system, etc. Japan is closed for too long time. After saw all those achievements from Industry Revolution by Japanese’s own eyes, they found the distance between themselves and advanced western countries. All those new things cause the fail of Tokugawa Bakufu. Meiji Restoration started. Government during Meiji Restoration: In April 6 1868, the Oath in Five Articles was published and became the basic guiding principle of the government. Meiji period began. The new government of Japan applied a lot of policy during that time. They changed the traditional society structure. Samurai was no more the lords. Businessman had more attention than before. Government also support a lot industry to get start, the earlier one is filature. In 1882, Japan Central Bank was set. Under the slogan of â€Å"Enrich the Country, strengthen the military†, in 1871, the new government set Iwakura Diplomatic Delegation to visit 12 countries in the Europe and America for almost 2 years. There were 49 government officials in the team, almost half number of the all officials in Japan government. To pay the expense of this trip, the new government used 2% of its GDP of that year. I think that this is part of the reason why Japan reformed its whole society system entirely and learned it from western countries. On the other side, 58 years after Opium War, China also had a restoration, called The Reform Movement. It was supported by the Emperor Kuang Hus, but it didn’t get support from the government officials, even not from his mother, Empress Tzu Hsi who had real power of China. Most changes and policy applied in China were surface work, didn’t change from the basic principle like what Japan did. The most obvious difference of it was that in 1890, The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was published. All those caused the failure of reformation in China. People in the Meiji Restoration: Shibusawa Eiichi, was a Japanese industrialist, founded more than 500 hundreds of modern corporations in Japan, He was a member of Tokugawa Akitake’s Delegation to the Paris World Exposition. In this trip, he observed modern European societies and culture for the first time. When he visited Belgium, the king told him the importance of steel industry and hoped Japan can buy from Belgium. Shibusawa Eiichi was so surprised; he said that a king is to sell his country’s product even when meeting guests from other place. He realized the importance of industrial of a country. Therefore, he decided to stay in European for studying. He came back to Japan in 1868 with his new thought, and got a job in economic department of Meiji government. He became a driving force in the building of a modern Japan as head of the Kaisei Kakari, or office of the Ministry of Finance in charge of reform. Okubo Toshimichi is regarded as one of the main founders of modern Japan. During Meiji Restoration, he was a Finance Minister, enacted a Land Tax Reform, and prohibited samurai from wearing swords in public, even though he was one of them. We can see his determination of changing Japan from very basic. The greatest achievement of him was the establishment of modern governmental structures. For a time he was the most powerful man in Japan. On 14 May 1878, he was assassinated by samurai. Summary: In my opinion, Japan became the only imperial power in Asia during nineteenth century, because the way it reformed. Japan’s restoration was not only applied on industry like China, but also on government system and society structure. The development on its society structure and police system helped Japan have much faster progress in industry than any other countries at that time.

To Waken an Old Lady

The poem To Waken an Old Lady ideally looks at the effects of growing old. In a bid to deliver the message of the poem, the author uses various interesting tools. As I read the poem, I was interested in the manner in which the author employs literary devices in passing across the message. Other aspects such as language, form, and content are also crucial in the poem. The content of the poem is interesting as the author narrows down to the concept of old age.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Waken an Old Lady specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the fascinating literary devices used in the poem is the rhythm employed. The poem is replete with run-on lines. A run-on line is a line whose message extends to be expressed in the following line. For example, although lines 1-6 are different lines, the message being communicated in these lines is interconnected. There is also the use of approximate rhyme in some ins tances. The author of the poem creates a structure that gives the reader thoughts that are removed from reality. This makes the poem appear as if it is reflective of something that happened in the past. The rhythm disappears in line ten which acts as a transition from describing old age to describing the setting in of death. There is a hyphen in line nine which implies that there is a halt in the thoughts of the author. The author takes time to think about the nature of the so-called ‘dark wind.’ Approximate rhyme appears in various lines of the poem such as line 4 and 7 where we have the words ‘skimming and failing’. There is also the use of words like buffeted and rested in lines 8 and 12 (Rath, 2003). Another important literary device used in this poem is the use of metaphors and imagery. The images of birds which are described to be ‘skimming bare trees above a snow gaze’ present a tone full of sorrow (All poetry, n.d). Words like ‘ba re trees,’ ‘dark wind’ and ‘shrill piping’ are a representation of lack of hope and death. In the poem, a woman is portrayed as having realized that her life must come to an end. ‘Flight of small cheeping birds’ is metaphorical explaining old age. The images of cheeping birds and ‘shrill piping of plenty’ is a contrast to the little hope held by a small percentage of before their deaths and the sharp cries of the majority who discover that death is a must even if they prevent it (All poetry, n.d). The poem presents its content in a calm form and structure but a depressing manner. The poem is attractive due to its explicit portrayal of imagery and reading; it is truly an experience. It causes the reader to think of cheeping birds which are fighting to defeat the wind and landing on a tree after tree as death approaches.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More The format makes the poem easy to read and understand although there are some occasional interruptions in the line of thought of the author. Despite the dark expression of the images and subject of the poem, an appealing language has been used. Some of the rhyming words are negative but create an appealing rhythm to the reader (Allpoetry, n.d). The elements discussed have affected my response to the poem in different ways. For example, the vividness of the imagery causes me to have the opinion that the persona in the poem is most likely to be the aging woman or a person who observes the woman as she realizes how inevitable death is. This makes it possible to relate with the poem and even personalizing it since its explanations are from the perspective of a person who experiences old age first hand. The descriptions made in the poem are therefore made more credible. The rhyme applied in the poem is so interesting such that I focused on it more than I focused on other aspects in the poem. References All poetry. (n.d). To Waken An Old Lady by William Carlos Williams. Available from  https://allpoetry.com/To-Waken-An-Old-Lady . Rath, H. (2003). The poetry of Robert Frost and William Carlos Williams. New York: Atlantic Publishers Dist. This essay on To Waken an Old Lady was written and submitted by user Yuliana Mendoza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Language and Citizenship

Language and Citizenship Language and Citizenship Language and Citizenship By Maeve Maddox Most countries have an â€Å"official† language. Several have more than one. Government business and schools are conducted in the official language. Official documents are printed in the official language. Knowledge of the country’s official language is usually one of the stated requirements for citizenship. For example, here are some language requirements I found in naturalization guidelines available on the web: Canada Be able to communicate in one of Canada’s official languages. France Provide proof of adequate knowledge of the French language. Germany Be able to speak German to B1 standard in the Common European Framework of Reference. Mexico Prove knowledge of Spanish and Mexican history. UK Be able to communicate in English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic to an acceptable degree. USA Pass an English test Just how stringently the language requirement is enforced varies from place to place. Knowledge of Japanese is not specifically mentioned in the guidelines I found on line, but because an applicant for citizenship must complete the process entirely in Japanese, it’s unlikely that anyone could achieve citizenship without considerable fluency in the language. The UK has only recently required applicants for citizenship to provide proof they can speak the local language at the B1 level; the outcry against the stiffer requirements is still in progress. A speaker at the B1 level can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. can deal with most situations likely to arise while traveling in an area where the language is spoken. can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest. can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. Under a new rule, Canada now requires something similar to the European B1: â€Å"applicants [for citizenship] must provide objective evidence that they meet the language requirement, achieving the Canadian Language Benchmark/Niveau de compà ©tence linguistique canadien 4 speaking and listening, when they file their application.† The United States government, on the other hand, is not only very generous in providing test waivers, but it doesn’t provide much of a test to those who can’t claim exemption. A new citizen commenting at the Business Week site describes his experience: I prepared for three months for this exam. [] For the reading part of the exam, I was asked to read the following sentence: Today is a sunny day. For the writing part of the exam, I was asked to write the following words: Today is a sunny day. [] I was flat out insulted. It doesn’t seem unreasonable to expect immigrants who plan to spend the rest of their lives in a country to learn to speak the country’s language of government and education. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Story Writing 101Words That Begin with Q

Lesson plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Lesson plan - Assignment Example The main aim of the lesson plan in differentiation is show how students lean and how they display their learning to meet the specific goals, objectives and needs. iPad has been used in the preparation of lesson plans in story robe. The iPad is also used as a material or resource in teaching story robe. In the lesson plan, the instructor should state the objectives of the lesson. The instructor should also state how the tool will see to the implementation of these stated lesson objectives. Other resources apart from the iPad should be stated to help in the achievement of the objectives (Moll, 2003). The instructor should also show how the students used the tool, how they responded to the tool, whether he or she had any sample or material already developed to guide the students. The tool will be helpful in the lesson plan as it will help the instructor in the creation of creative apps for the story robe

Love , Statement purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love , Statement purpose - Essay Example The presentation was so welcomed and acclaimed by the teachers that I felt the passion and energy grow in me. This propelled me to work harder when I went to high school. Indeed, my results in high school were a reflection of my passion in the field of electronics. The exemplary performance in this field did not come by hard work alone but was accompanied by discipline, focus, and mentorship from various teachers. I must say that most of the personal development I have today is because of the modeling I have experienced during my undergraduate degree. The electrical engineering course was one of the toughest tasks I have ever undergone in my entire life. It involved solving complex problems and performing rigorous researches in various units within the course. However, I did not relent in growing both personally and professionally. Personal development began with my enactment to the head of student council in 2006. The student leadership enhanced my leadership skills. However, personal development went beyond to encompass intercultural activities for which I received acknowledgment from UAE embassy. All the challenges and opportunities I have experienced have taught me to optimize my mental resources to think logically about difficult and complex problems. In the process, I have gained profound problem solving techniques, which I plan to use in the field of business logistics or financial engineering. I do understand that a lot of investment goes towards developing a globally recognized intellectual in any field. I count this stage in my life as a transition from a modeling to a refining stage where I will refine and tune my abilities towards one specific career. Therefore, I plan to utilize all the available opportunities towards achieving my goals. As I have grown more mature, learned, intelligent, and focused, I believe that I am the best candidate for consideration for any

Importance of Marketing for Organization Success Essay

Importance of Marketing for Organization Success - Essay Example ys marketing concept is implied in the idea, that marketing decisions must be made taking into account the needs of the customers in the first place and afterwards the process of developing and marketing services and products should be initiated by an organization (Nickels, 2008). The major aim of marketing efforts of any organization is to establish reliable relationships with clients that are to be beneficial both for the clients and the organization. And every effort is to prove the fact that marketing plays a crucial role for the business of any size and the society as well. Talking about marketing as a necessary business function it is vital at organizational level for non-for-profit and for-profit businesses engaged in all the industries (Nickels, 2008). As far as non-for-profit organizations are concerned marketing is to assist in process of attracting clients in order to maintain the mission of the organization which might be support or donations raise. For-profit organizations need marketing to deal with all the tasks meant to bring revenue and profits to organization. These two types of organizations will not be able to survive without a helping hand of marketing tool. The feature of marketing as the area of organizational business is implied in the interaction with the public and the opinion that is formed about the organization is the result of interaction with marketers. And thanks to advertising message a customer may believe that this or that company is creative and dynamic (Nickels, 2008). The primary role of marketers is to establish specific relationships intended for holding value for both organization and customers, in this respect marketing professionals apply a diverse toolkit which is to serve as a spine of decision making process. The toolkit includes: Each element in the toolkit is in tight connection and interaction with each other and as a result decisions made in one area are influential for those decisions made in other areas. For

Access Control and Different Types of Access Control

Access Control and Different Types of Access Control 2.3 what is an access document of a local area network (LAN)? Lets have a look on record   which are equivalent to a client control in the archive it will tell us who has the confirmation and approval to enter into any server , or we can explain in as simple as smple wording to the one approved individual know the client name and secret key . take an example   in an office assembling just the approved supervisor will have entry to open the official and those which cannot be shared by others information. We can also use access control and different types of access control are :- Accountability Authorization Authentication Accountability: Information and logs are taken into account which use such components so that these systems can be identified. These components wouldnt be viewing regularly they cannot be maintained in a sufficient way. Authorization: Those operation which are happening in a system can be identify by the authorization policy. Lots of latest operating system can applied authorization policies as a group of allotment which are varied different types of access. Authentication: In this control we identify the users identification so that we can identify that the person who is accessing the system is authorised person. 2.4 explain the procedure to shut down the server in a   local area network (LAN) ? Lots of working circumstances which depend on upon PCs to put everything in order keep them joined with an area framework for security reasons and straightforward record advertising. For fast organization , different affiliation asset are accessible on the Internet, one of them being automatic Shutdown. This is very light application arranged for managing a PCs essentialness alternatives from a parts.. To do this task first of all we have to install this software, after that the icon on desktop is created . If you want to shut down the server then we have to select the option shutdown, in the application log we can get the time and message as well. We can add two or more computers, if you want to do settings you can log off the individual computers. if you want to shut down the system and turn off the power. The system must support the power off feature. The principle two capacities let you either kill or restart a PC of your decision. Whats more, you can choose more PCs from the rundown and decide to execute that for every one of them without a moments delay. Furthermore, in the event that you right tap on a thing from the rundown, an amazing measure of alternatives get to be accessible. We can also create a new group in remote shutdown , in this first   we have to click on add computers then name the new group and click on OK button.Contingent upon how you need to utilize the application you can exploit a wizard to populate your rundown with PCs associated with the same system. As a matter of course the rundown is discharge so you can completely redo as per needs. You can likewise include PCs physically either by name or IP address, with the likelihood to choose from the ones accessible through LAN. In the remote shutdown we can also use privacy, after creating new group we have to go to credentials and click on the following user and we can set a new user name and password   . the benefit of this is that whenever we will turn on our server it will show that icon. Reference for software :- http://www.softpedia.com/get/Network-Tools/Misc-Networking-Tools/LanShutDown.shtml 2. PC auto shutdown PC Auto Shutdown helps you naturally shutdown, power off, reboot, sleep, suspend or log off PCs at calendar time you determines. It can close down PCs at calendar time when no client is signed on or when PCs are in suspended force protection mode. It issues you distinctive approaches to timetable the shutdown occasion for your needs, for example, every day, week by week and just once. Amid the shutdown, it can clean up Recycle Bin, makeshift records, IE reserve, IE treats, IE history, IE auto-complete passages and late report rundown to enhance framework execution and secure your protection. In the pc auto shutdown we have different options like general, hotkeys , timer, sound , clean up , log and about . in this we can configure the countdown duration time before a shutdown event is activated and we have to chose the different options . If we are not registered we can registered it and if we select the option we can click OK button. In the timer option we have title , status, shutdown event, activation time , frequency , we can fill up these things and we can add it and edit it as well. In the clean up option we can clear different directories like recycle bin , clear temporary files of windows , clear temporary files of internet explorer , clear cookies of internet explorer , clear address bar history of internet explorer , clear recent documents lists etc. We can also setup password for the privacy whenever we will open our server we have to fill up that password. If we want that option we have to click on enable password protection and click OK button. In the log we can log all the shutdown events for tracking purpose . and also view log file and empty log files. Reference for software :- http://download.cnet.com/PC-Auto-Shutdown/3000-2344_4-10399335.html 3. D shutdown :- DShutdown is a helpful stand-alone application intended to empower you to effortlessly set a period for your workstation to close down. DShutdown bolsters, past established shutdown alternatives, additionally a progression of specific choices relating unadulterated shutdown (as the power after hold up alternative, that causes a constrained, however clear, shutdown), and relating screen capacities (as the choice to shutdown a PC when an application end, helpful toward the end of pressure of a few records. In the D shut down we have different options and types to shutdown like log off , shutdown , power off, reboot and stand by , we can   also disable LAN adaptor we can wake up , write log file , we can alsoset alarm clock . we can also do sound advise in D shutdown . There are different general options in d shutdown like auto start , set default , sound on start , save settings on exit , different ports client server. We can also set timer in D shutdown   and after that we can enable timer. To shutdown we have to select the shutdown option   and after that we hav to select total CPU and we can also set timer . Reference for software :- http://www.softpedia.com/dyn-postdownload.php/b1758a3606787c71dd5840b71b6b8224/55498a82/8435/0/1

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-Sex Marriages :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Same-Sex Marriages Currently in the United States there has been much debate over the controversy surrounding the legalization of same-sex marriages. There are many people who are opposed and feel it is morally and ethically wrong and others who feel that same-sex marriages are acceptable. Prior to writing about this topic I had no strong feelings toward or against the issue on same-sex marriages. After researching and finding out more information on the topic, I became in favor of allowing those of the same-sex to have there marriages legalized. Many people ask themselves why gays and lesbians even want to attempt to get laws past to be allowed to get married. Why would they want to be married? Are they not happy with the relationship in which they have? Gays and lesbians are just like heterosexuals, they want there marriages to be recognized by the law. They are like any normal couple and want a marriage to prove and show their love for each other. They want that simple document that the government gives to heterosexuals which binds two people into a marriage. What exactly is marriage then? Marriage is a legal relationship between spouses; it is established by a civil or religious ceremony, and takes place between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. The AIDS epidemic stirred up many questions and brought public attention on a range of issues surrounding gay and lesbian rights. Legalizing same-sex marriages may help prevent aids. If two people are in a marriage then they are less apt to have many sexual partners and will help stop the spread of AIDS. Other people feel that same-sex marriages are not a proper place to raise children. This is a truly false statement because there are many people who have children and procreate that should not have that right. For instance, murderers, child molesters, drug and alcohol addicts are all free to procreate and raise children and homosexuals are not. This does not make sense. If a person can raise a child and give them love, shelter, food and other necessary resources to raise a child, then they should be given the right to raise a child. Just because a child has more than one mother or father does not mean that they are going to grow up gay or have emotional problems.

Comparative Study of Personal Financial Planning Essay

It is generally seen that people have a misconception that financial planning is about saving more and spending less but that is not the case, it is more about saving the right amount so that future goals can be met. The objective of financial planning is * To ensure that the right amount of money is available in right hands at right point of time in the future to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It * Provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. * It allows you to understand how each financial decision you make affects other areas of your finances. Financial planning and investments can be undertaken by anyone with a clear assessment of one’s inflow of funds and the goals that need to be achieved from time to time. Keywords: Financial planning, wealth management, investment instruments, real estate Introduction Financial planning is achieving your financial goals in the most efficient manner. The broad areas of financial planning include Investment plan ning  -Your wealth will only grow over time if you have invested it in assets. Investment planning  deals with the kind of investments an individual should invest in to get the best out of his wealth. In this the risk and return profiling of an individual is done based on his life stage, spending requirements with respect to his income and wealth, time horizon and liquidity requirements and various individual specific constraints. Investment Planning is important because it helps you to derive the maximum benefit from your investments. | Cash flow planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In simple terms, cash flow refers to the inflow and outflow of money. It is a record of your income and expenses. Though this sounds simple, very few people actually take time out to find out what comes in and what goes out of their hands each month. Cash flow planning refers to the process of identifying the major expenditures in future (both short-term and long-term) and making planned investments so that the required amount is accumulated within the required time frame. Cash flow planning is the first thing that should be done prior to starting an investment exercise, because only then will you be in a position to know how your finances look like, and what is it that you can invest without causing a strain on yourself. It will also enable you to understand if a particular investment matches with your flow requirement| | | 3. Retirement planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Retirement planning means making sure you will have enough money to live on after retiring from work. Retirement should be the best period of your life, when you can literally sit back and relax or enjoy your life by reaping benefits of what you earn in so many years of hard work. But it is easier said than done. To achieve a hassle-free retired life, you need to make pruden t investment decisions during your working life, thus putting your hard-earned money to work for you in future. Planning for retirement is as important as planning your career and marriage. Life takes its own course and from the poorest to the wealthiest, no one gets spared. We get older every day, without realizing. However, we assume that old age is never going to touch us. The future depends to a great extent on the choices you make today. Right decisions with the help of proper financial planning, taken at the right time will assure smile and success at the time of retirement. Retirement Planning acquires added importance because of the fact that though longevity has increased, the number of working years haven’t.Tax planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Tax evasion is illegal but tax minimization is legal. Thus you can reduce your tax liability by planning effectively. With proper tax planning you can increase your after tax income. |   | 5. | Children future planning- It is essential to plan for the future of your children. The purpose of Children’s Future Planning is to create a corpus for foreseeable expenditures such as those on higher education and wedding and to provide for an adequate security cover during their growing years. Savings alone is no longer enough.

Trial and Error

Trial and error is an experimental method of problem solving, repair, tuning, or obtaining knowledge. â€Å"Learning doesn't happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again. † This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory. However, there are intermediate methods which for example, use theory to guide the method, an approach known as guided empiricism.The nature of the response is molecular in trial-and-error learning and molar in insightful learning. Practice and repetition are extremely important in trial-and-error learning, while insightful solution is important for insightful learning. Of course, certain amount of trial- and-error occurs before insight takes place. But the trial-and-error form of learning primarily does not involve insight. The physical and motor skills are acquired mostly through trial-and-error.The insightf ul learning is of higher order, and is involved in cognitive and verbal learning. The cats in the key experiments conducted by Edward Thorndike were able to learn through operant conditioning. In Thorndike's experiment, cats were placed in a various boxes approximately 20 inches long, 15 inches wide, and 12 inches tall with a door opened by pulling a weight attached to it. The cats were observed to free themselves from the boxes by â€Å"trial and error with accidental success.In one test the cat was shown to have done worse in a later trial than in an earlier one, suggesting that no learning from the previous trials was retained in long-term memory. The scientist considered the cat to have the capacity for learning due to the law of effect, which states that responses followed by satisfaction (i. e. a reward) become more likely responses to the same stimulus in the future. An experiment was conducted in 2009 where cats could pull on a string to retrieve a treat under a plastic scr een. When presented with one string, cats had no trouble getting the treats.When presented with multiple strings, some of which were not connected to treats, the cats were unable to consistently choose the correct strings, leading to the conclusion that cats do not understand cause and effect in the same way that humans do Thorndike was skeptical of the presence of intelligence in cats, criticising sources of the contemporary writing of the sentience of animals as â€Å"partiality in deductions from facts and more especially in the choice of facts for investigation. Research was made to identify possible observational learning in kittens.Kittens that were able to observe their mothers performing an experimentally organised act were able to perform the same act sooner than kittens that had observed a non-related adult cat, and sooner than the ones who, being placed in trial and error conditions, observed no other cat performing the act. Experimental investigation of primates show th at the chimpanzee possess some limited insight in regard to observational learning (see Kà ¶hler), whereas this capacity is wholly absent in the domesticated cat Sultan, one of the brightest of the early chimpanzees used for psychological research, was tested by Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kà ¶hler.Sultan is particularly recognized for his insight in solving numerous problems, including stacking or manipulating boxes to reach a reward and use of two sticks as a unit to rake food to a reachable distance. While other Chimpanzees in Kà ¶hler's study were also quite adept at problemsolving—namely, obtaining an out-of-reach fruit suspended above a playground or perched just beyond arm's reach outside the bars of a cage—Sultan proved to be peculiarly advanced.He and his peers were also known to stack crates to reach the fruit, and even scramble up a hastily balanced stick to grab the banana before falling back down. Chimpanzees helped Kà ¶hler to prove that animals are capable of learning beyond simple trial and error, and that, given the right conditions, many species—particularly the more â€Å"human† species of primates—will demonstrate a deeper understanding of the constituents of a problem. For example, several chimpanzees who had proven capable of reaching the banana via a stack of crates found that in a crateless room, a table or chair worked to meet the same end.When nothing else was available, Kà ¶hler himself could even be used: â€Å"On one occasion, Sultan did something even more impressive: he came over to Kà ¶hler, pulled him by the arm until he was under the banana, and then showed that in a pinch even the director of the Prussian anthropoid station would do as a climb-upon-able. † (Gleitman 2004) difference insightful learning involves perception of the whole situation, as the organism has to see the relationship among various stimuli. The nature of the response is molecular in trial-and-error learnin g and molar in insightful learning.Practice and repetition are extremely important in trial-and-error learning, while insightful solution is important for insightful learning. Of course, certain amount of trial- and-error occurs before insight takes place. But the trial-and-error form of learning primarily does not involve insight. The physical and motor skills are acquired mostly through trial-and-error. The insightful learning is of higher order, and is involved in cognitive and verbal learning. The two forms of learning differ with respect to the role of the organism in the learning situation.Animals lower in the phylogenic scale acquire through trial and error. Their role in the learning situation is only mechanical and passive. The organism's approach in trial-and-error consists of random blind activities and the solution comes by chance. On other hand, the organism in insightful learning, surveys, inspects, observes, and examines various aspects of the problem situation, and t hereby takes an active role in learning. Higher- order animals including chimpanzees and human beings are capable of insightful learning.Both the trial-and-error and the insightful learning differ with respect to the strength of learning. The trial-and-error learning is more or less temporary, depends on continued practice, and weakens when practice is discontinued. The insightful solution, once acquired, stays for a long time and does not easily fade away when the practice is discontinued. Finally, in trial-and-error, the transfer of learning is poor; skills acquired in one situation are not easily transferred to another situation.On the other hand, learning by insight is easily transferred from one situation to other similar situations. The cat in Thorndike's puzzle box learns to connect a response with a stimulus, which is subsequently rewarded. The learning by trial-and-error is a matter of S-R connection. Kohler's chimpanzee learns to perceive the relationships between various aspects of the stimulus situation. Establishing the relationship between one stimulus and the others forms the core of the insightful learning.The insightful learning is of S-S type. The trial-and-error learning is gradual. The cat in Thorndike's puzzle box takes a number of trials and learns step-by-step to reach the correct response. The insightful learning occurs all on a sudden. The organism moves from a state of no solution to a state of solution very quickly. While pulling the string in Thorndike's puzzle box, the cat is showing responses to only some specific stimuli. It does not have to attend to the whole stimulus field.

Teenage Pregnancies essays

Teenage Pregnancies essays Should the age of consent be lowered from 16 for heterosexual couples and to 18 for homosexual couples? But why does such a law exist. Hopefully, the following examines the commonly voiced arguments for and against the age of consent. Whatever the law passed in any country, there will always be supporters and opposers of it. Opposition can be for a number of reasons ranging from a sense of lost liberty to outright anarchy. The subject of sex however, is one that affects different individuals differently and amongst the popular arguments for under age sex are: that some young people might be mature and mentally as well as physically ready for a sexual experience a lot earlier than the prescribed age of 16; it may be the platform they need to progress from childhood to adulthood; it is a potentially enjoyable experience that they are being denied; it enables people to express themselves and their feelings early in life and not feel ashamed or inhibited about sex or sensitivity as they get older; it is a wonderful, mutually pleasurable pastime that in the main, does not cost money to perform; keeps you out of trouble and off the streets; it takes away the feeling of guilt and the need to sneak around behind your par ents back; there is less peer pressure on you to do it whilst at school; you can, through experimenting, decide on your sexuality and an early age;.... and no doubt the pro-arguments go on. In contrast, there are many compelling arguments to not only keep the age of consent where it is, but possibly to have it raised. Many of these have sadly been based upon unfortunate consequences of under age sex, but nevertheless serve to reinforce these arguments amongst which are: teenage pregnancies requiring many girls to drop out of school, give up their education and rob themselves of their youthful and social years; on the back of this, an early loss of innocence which man...

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and ambulation ( evidence based Dissertation

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and ambulation ( evidence based practice ) - Dissertation Example In most instances, recognition of a practice problem prompts an evidence based practice (EPB). For instance, an EPB team with the goal of conducting an EPB project in a given duration would have to consider what outcomes by the patient need more improvement (Jones, 2004). Once a practice problem has been realized or determined, data both internal and external is collected. This data should be relevant to the practice problem to confirm that there is indeed the need for change and in the long run, improvement. It is crucial that the focus of evidence based practice is justified because it is resource intensive. A practice problem statement is also prepared so as to clarify what the evidence based practice is exactly (Fulton, 2010). The best evidence is also located using key actions. These are identifying the types and sources of evidence, making arrangements for the search for evidence, and conducting the search for best evidence. Types of evidence could include clinical practice gui delines, systematic reviews, expert reports, single studies as well as critical appraisal topics. The search of evidence is planned as a rigorous, systematic review, which would include formulating the research question to guide the search, selection of the research strategy, choosing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and planning the synthesis (Kathleen, 2011). Clinical Question The nursing practice to be detailed is based on a hugely serious clinical question. The question seeks to establish whether patients acquired with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) more likely to recondition due to physical therapy limitations. This is a clinical problem that requires research on how to handle it. The evidence also in his case is that patients with VRE are more likely to recondition due to physical therapy limitations. This is the main objective of evidence based research and what it entails (Parke, 2011). Literacy in significant information is required and access to adequate infor mation so that evidence based practice (EBP) can be researched. The patient is the main stakeholder, and their health is vital. Besides the fact that the infection brings various disadvantages to their movement, policies should be put in place that would encourage movement by them without increasing the risks of spreading the infections. Physical therapy has extremely strict rules in relation to ambulation, but still there exists other kinds of infections that are not warranted to this policy measure. Even though, lobby privileges are awarded to some patients, risks are still there related to spreading the infection because of the infectious risks the VRE has. The patient can still walk and not undergo confinement to bed. The only set back is that infection makes them confined in their rooms leading to physical inactivity. This has its health related hazards like muscle problems for instance muscle atrophy (Lawrenceville, 2006). Synthesis of Literature Literature reviews have been a ble to provide details of primary research in human health policy as well as their care. These are considered as the highest standards in evidence based health care. They help in the provision of evidence during the investigation of the responses to the interventions of prevention, rehabilitation as well as treatment. They also detail about how valuable and accurate a diagnostic test for a given

Inflation in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Inflation in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The economy of the country of Saudi Arabia is oil based with active government intervention in major economic activities. The country ranks on the top in exports of petroleum products and plays an active role in OPEC. The petroleum sector of the economy accounts for 45% of the total revenues. Currently the government is engaged in encouraging the growth of the private sector within the economy as they believe such strategies will reduce the dependence on oil. The growth the private sector will also create employment opportunities. It has permitted investments in the telecommunication and the power sectors. In an effort to diversify the economy, the country acceded to the WTO in 2005. Focus was given to form a regulated market and the Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency (SAMA) emerged in 1984 after the government passed an instruction. The Capital market authority took over the responsibilities of the agency after its formation in 2003. November 26 marked the day when the first corporate gov ernance code was implemented. The sections provide provisions like preliminary level, board of directors, lucidity and disclosure, shareholders authority and the provisions for the general assembly and the closing provisions. Some of the experts opine to measure corporate governance using the Gompers and Metric. ... Considering the resource endowment of the country it was a logical decision to increase the development of oil and gas resource through downstream investments in refineries. Three factors influenced the decision. The investments were mostly capital intensive which was just appropriate for the small population of the country with enormous reserves of oil. It would have been possible to generate value added income which would maximise the revenues of the country through the export of refined petroleum as well as crude oil. The natural gas which would have been wasted can also be utilised and processed. Inflation The budget impacts on the growth of the economy and allocation or redistribution of resources. The difference between budgetary spending and revenues is defined as the budget deficit. Budget deficit contribute in the level of national debt. A variety of problems can result because of budget deficit. Lower national savings rate, higher rates of interest and inflation are some of them. It is possible to treat inflation as the continuous or sustained rise in the level of prices. A situation marked by inflation is witnessed by continuous reduction in the value of money. The transformation of the general level of prices is a common situation of inflation. In a situation characterised by inflation, the period of the rise in prices continues for a year, week or month. Some of the factors that lead to inflation are rise in the costs of imported materials, the costs of labour to rise and the high rate of indirect tax from the part of the government. In cases where the rise in the general price level is caused by increase in the level of wages as well as raw materials are regarded as cost push inflation. With rises in the costs of production the firms tend to

The Australian Tourism Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Australian Tourism Policy - Essay Example The first tourism policy in Australia was formulated. The policy was geared towards addressing issues of mismanaged tourism attraction sites, destinations, and resources. The policies that followed throughout the years until 2003, had notable words like development which could be broken down into development, sustain which could be fragmented into sustainable and sustainability. These issues were vividly explained and strategic plans were written down on how the issues of mismanagement and development of tourist attraction sites and destinations were not sustaining the ever rising demand for tourist satisfaction. In general, as described by Lin & Suzanne (2009) ‘the policies aim at improving international marketing strategies and effectiveness through a greater focus on regional dispersal and by refreshing and enhancing’. The recent policies as recorded by Grace (2007), ‘concentrate on the improvement of the existing attractions sites in order to match the internat ional tourism expectation’. The policies would aim at making Australia a world-class tourism destination. The policies would also be geared towards the development of tourism destinations that would that would fully meet the tourists’ demand for better infrastructure so as to increase the national revenue acquired from the tourism industry. The policies noted the tourism industry was suffering from a shortage of world-class service for the tourist hence the policy also included the strategies to combat this anomaly.... The recent policies as recorded by Grace (2007), ‘concentrate on the improvement of the existing attractions sites in order to match the international tourism expectation’. Furthermore, the policies would aim at making Australia a world class tourism destination. The policies would also be geared towards the development of tourism destinations that would that would fully meet the tourists’ demand for better infrastructure so as to increase the national revenue acquired from the tourism industry (Katrina & Andrew, 2000). The policies noted the tourism industry was suffering from a shortage of world class service for the tourist hence the policy also included the strategies to combat this anomaly. Inclusion of public education and educational programs on how to deal with different kinds of people from different languages regions was one of the major boosts to the tourism industry in Australia. Further report by Philip (1994), ‘By addressing the major policy ch allenges in the medium to long term, the strategy will provide a framework that will assist the Australian tourism industry, in partnership with government, to achieve specific outcomes that enable it to achieve international competitiveness, and economic, social and environmental sustainability’. This would be done by first coordinating the three levels of government. That is, the federal government which would aim to create an optimum policy environment for tourism development, particularly in respect to the international marketing of Australia, product quality and development, industry sustainability and profitability, air services arrangements, tourism infrastructure, visitor visa

Control of Nature Essay Example for Free

Control of Nature Essay The earth, with its vast structure of land masses is expected to experience different forms of worldly phenomena. World-renowned Writer John McPhee saw it all. The massive destruction caused by inevitable earthly chaos made by humanity’s ignorance and intentional or unintentional disregard of natural processes struck him. For the reason that of McPhee’s benevolent concern for nature and earth’s creatures, he came up with a book narrating human struggle against nature and elaborated certain reasons why such unfortunate fate took place. His primary endeavor is to give the world an interest on Geology and Environmental Science, and provide reasons why Nature, cannot be controlled but can be at least be avoided. Control of Nature is a book catering a series of earth’s revenge against man-made discrepancies aimed to make the contemporary society of today realize that any struggle against natural forces must be taken with great responsibility so as to prevent any form of chaos caused by such disregard. He cited one incident which happened in Iceland during the year 1973, tackled in Chapter Two of the book, where an island gashed open without warning and massive volumes of lava from an assumed â€Å"sleeping† Volcano spitted elements colored with red and gold, flaming with fire, began moving in a nearby harbor half a mile away. Worse, the harbor was along the nation’s southern coast, considered as the only harbor along its vicinity, the root of life for them. It had accounted a huge percentage of Iceland’s economy export, took away a large number of lives and horrified each living creature inhabiting the specified vicinity. It made the Icelanders establish nature, as an enemy of the State. Such raging earthly phenomena of hot molten lava flowing from the unpredicted component of the planet came too hard to impede with. It came like a bolt of lightning which suddenly electrified a roof of hope and serenity. Not even the strongest man alive could dare to stop, a superhero was needed, a miracle perhaps. But human rationality and sense of initiative came not out of order. The people of Vestmannaeyjar had to do something. Or else, it shall take what they have sown, the evil attack of nature must die out or it shall take their lives, and the life they long to live in the future. Then one man found a way to help his community, he was then the hero. Analysis Volcanic eruptions are the surface expression of processes that occur deep within the Earth. Many of theses processes take place juts below the Earth’s outer rigid shell, whereas some volcanic eruptions owe their origin to very deep disturbances, even at the boundary between the core and the Earth’s mantle at 2890 km below the surface (Encyclopedia on Volcanoes, p. 39). Certain volcanic activities can endanger a large mass of people and property on the spot where the land mass is situated given the fact that it’s high volume of lava flows, streams of molten rock are emitted by an erupting vent. It’s level of destruction to any form is high since that its temperature falls from 700  °C to 1,200  °C (1,300  °F to 2,200  °F), capable enough to eat anything which shall bar along its way. In the case of the Icelanders, Mt. Lakagigar (Laki) in the year 1973 took a number of 9,340 lives. But the impeccable thing is that the occurrence of the aforementioned chaos in Iceland was not like all the other typical situations experienced by places having such reprisal from nature; take for example the eruptions in Italy and Indonesia, exterminating more or less than 4,000 people in one single incident due to Pyroclastic Flow. Another is the terrifying Lahar in Mt. Nueva del Ruiz in Colombia taking over 23,000 lives. On the other hand, the Icelanders had gone eradicated in their hometown due to Post-eruption starvation. One cause of death which perhaps never yet crossed in their minds during their century making them too confident of their supply of food and water, after having assumed the fact that they already got their salvation from the wickedness of the flaming mountain. The ingenious way of the Icelandic Engineer may have had given great hope to its community, but what they less anticipated was that volcanic eruptions leave an unbeneficial form of dramatic and violent changes in nature leading its people to face the horrors of hunger. It drove many Icelanders leave their homes, look for a better place to live in, earn a job and raise their families in another state. It was not easy for them to leave the place they called home, but they held no choice, or else, they’ll starve and rot to death in the molten rock which once gave them an adrenalin rush. Although the initiative done by the Engineer, being a fan of geology and geophysics at that, if not so much to use, helped in saving quite a number of lives; still has not completely reached what it wanted to fulfill. If the advancement of technology and the level of perseverance could have had been instilled to those living in that point of time, then much could have had enjoyed what the present contemporary masses is enjoying now. Furthermore methods for determining the controls on magma composition had been closely studied nowadays. Earth scientists have developed several techniques for understanding and interpreting the compositional variation so as to alert the individuals inhabiting such volcano-close place are now being studied, which is good news. Volcanologists continuously observe and investigate the rise and expansion of an initially bubbly mixture in a conduit (signs of decompression of a bubbly magma), an important fact to be taken consideration to name the level warning they are to send the residents. International Agencies at present seek to slay aftermath predicaments assassinating entities which rise after phenomenal destructions, volcanic eruptions specifically; such as Starvation (caused by molten magma covering the entire agricultural region), displacement of residence (which most likely will cause emotional crisis) and unanticipated Volcanic Eruptions. Conceivably, the only beneficial point of the incident as narrated in John McPhee’s case study and the heroic act done by the outstanding engineer is the actuality that nature, unconsciously takes what it wants to take. Pressuring people to constantly seek for answers, ways and means, to save what must be saved. Conclusion At present, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers considered building a dam high up the crease between the huge volcanoes, which serves as a barrier of the immediate flow of volcanic emission from the land mass. The awfulness sought by the Icelanders is now taken like a cold magma to the families which were left orphaned. The nightmare is now three thousand feet below the present level of the ocean. All of that and then some is Iceland. It gave them a crack in the head trying to restore what they have lost. Still carrying the burden of nature’s tragedy, eating them up whole, but then, as John McPhee has heard their sentiments and has written an inspirational book narrating their stories; it shall give them hope that not all that kills them will forever torment them in an agony of despair. Their stories helped people, not only in their place but all over the globe. It was a signal to the Government to cooperate with them in building back their Nation. They never wanted to leave their home. They never wanted to experience such. Nobody wanted it. But natural phenomenon is but unstoppable. It just comes. But then, modern science tells the world that the 21st Century can avoid such. With the use of facilities and technology to detect a visiting retribution of nature, rationality shall save one. Reading the book and internalizing the Icelander’s unfortunate fate shall at least awaken the sleeping sense of sympathy and munificence of a person. There are people seeking for help. Seeking for a family. Seeking for a hand. It was Nature who held Control. It was a story of real people, of real hopes. Reference: McPhee J. 1990. The Control of Nature Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Simkin T, Siebert L. 1999. Earths Volcanoes and Eruptions: An Overview. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press. p 39.

City of God Analysis

City of God Analysis The films studied for this essay City of God (2002) and Favela Rising (2006) have taken favelas from the marginality of Brazilian society and transported them into the consciousness of the international public. Favelas have become a cultural icon of Rio de Janeiro, as famous as the postcard images of Copacabana beach and the statue of Christ the Redeemer on Corcovado mountain. Since 1992 tourists have been able to sign up for â€Å"favelatourâ€Å" and see first hand the favela of Rocinha via one of the multiple tourism agencies competing for business in what has become one of Rios most popular tours. [1] City of God Fernando Meirelles film City of God (2002) is based on the Brazilian novel of the same name by Paulo Lins (1996). City of God (Cidade de Deus) is the name of the favela where Lins grew up, and the novel is based on a true story taken from interviews and research conducted by Lins in the favela over a period of 8 years regarding the state of drug trafficking and gang warfare. The film has attracted much critical acclaim due to its confrontation of the issues within the favela as well as the gritty realism with which it was shot and unabashed depiction of violence within the favela. The film is narrated by one of two central characters, Rocket, and tells the story of the lives of himself and Lil Ze, children who grew up in the Cidade de Deus in similar circumstances yet who chose separate pathways in life. In the film the character Rocket symbolises hope, as he dreams of becoming a photographer, and this is used as a vehicle within the film to portray imagery of the favela to both the media in Rio de Janeiro within the story, and to the viewer. Lil Ze is a child with the taste for crime that grows up to be the favelas most powerful and notorious drug dealer. The lives of the two are intertwined and ironically Rockets dreams of becoming a photographer are realised through his access to life in the favela and his depiction of the crimes perpetrated by Lil Ze and his gang. The films opening and closing sequence include a 360 degree rotational shot of Rocket in the centre of a face off between the gangsters and the police, unsure of where to turn. This is symbolic of the story of the film in that his life can take one of either direction. The narrative is then broken down into a series of vignettes which tell the story of the favela and the central characters, and ultimately which path Rocket decides to take. I argue that this film was imperative in raising awareness of both the existence of as well as the issues within the favelas in Rio de Janeiro, and was one of the first cultural representations to emerge from Brazil to show the darker side of the city and an alternate reality to what is commonly perceived about Rio, that is postcard images of beaches, sunsets and samba. Via this cultural vehicle I argue that it was possible to begin to conduct businesses in the city such as favela tour and favela party due to interest from foreigners in seeing and experiencing a slice of life in the favelas. Which raises the question: Did this film glorify life in the favelas, or did it depict a realistic perspective of reality? How has consciousness raising of the foreign public since affected the inhabitants of these urban spaces and has this effect been positive or negative? I argue that one of the key strengths of the film is realism. The actors are amateurs recruited from the favelas, and the central character Rocket (Alexandre Rodrigues) is from the Cidade de Deus favela itself, which lends authenticity and personal perspective to the characters. The film was shot inside a real favela rather than a film set, taking the viewer directly into the urban space of favela inhabitants. There are several key themes in the film which I will outline below and which raise points of discussion related to the reality of life for favela inhabitants. Alongside the theme of choice, the film raises the questions of what options children who grow up in this environment have for survival. One of the most shocking and criticised features of the film is its portrayal of violence executed by young children in the favela. The characters The Runts are a group of children in the favela aged younger than 8 who view crime and becoming part of a drugs ring the only option for their future. Their youth is emphasised in a scene where they are discussing wanting to take over the most powerful drugs ring in the favela whilst sat in a fenced off cubicle which could be likened to a childrens playpen. This scene culminates in possibly the most memorable and shocking scene in the film, where a child wishing to be initiated into Lil Zes gang is forced to decide between which two children from t he Runts he wants to shoot and kill. We are faced with his indecision coupled with his detachment from the situation he is placed in. One of the children whose life is being decided bursts into tears, and with a close-up shot of his face we are immediately drawn to his extreme fear of the situation he is in, as well as his age, which could not be more than 5 years old. The child character who pulls the trigger. Steak and Frites, is later depicted in the house of the rival gang being questioned as to why he wants to be involved in the gang warfare, and says: â€Å"I smoke, I snort. I have killed and robbed. Im a manâ€Å". At the termination of the film when the Runts have murdered Ze and are discussing how they will take over his business and become the leaders of the favela, their lack of education is highlighted when one of the group asks for the purposes of creating a hit list of those they intend to murder who here knows how to write? and one of them responds a little. Either these children have had no access to education, or more concerned with their survival in the favela consider schooling to be an unnecessary part of life. An important aspect of the manner in which the film is shot, and a characteristic for which the film has received much criticism, is that of detachment. How the viewer feels towards the acts of violence and the characters they are enacted upon is a metaphor for how society in Rio de Janeiro feels towards the favelas- unemotional, detached, separate. That what happens inside the favela is their own business and does not affect those who live outside. The majority of characters in the film are presented in a one dimensional manner and are not depicted displaying emotion. Thus when they are murdered they become another number of the large headcount in the film. Characters are filmed from a distance and the lack of facial close-ups imbues the viewer with this sense of emotional detachment. The one exception to this is portrayal of the gangster Benny, Lil Zes best friend, who decides he wants a life outside of crime and the favela. We view him preventing Ze from shooting those who owe him money, his kindness in letting people out of debts owed to him, his desire to give Rocket a camera to pursue his dreams, and intimate scenes with his girlfriend. When Benny is killed by an addict and thus prevented from leaving the favela we are confronted with the only moment of remorse in the film; this is the only moment where Ze shows emotion, where the camera shots linger at the scene of the death, and where the viewer is in a sense instructed to feel grief for his loss. His death is also paramount in depicting the difficulty of trying to be a good character within or trying to leave the life of the favela. The final key theme of the film I would like to discuss is that of police corruption in Rio, which is clearly depicted in the film as integral to the survival of drug rings and proliferation of access to weapons. At the climax of the film when the two rival druglords Lil Ze and Carrot are captured by police, we witness two important events: Carrot is kept in custody by the police who say he will be a present for the media, whereas Ze is let go and through Rockets camera lens we see that police have been providing him with weapons and drugs in return for money. Favela Rising On August 30th 1993, a group of approximately 30 masked officers from Brazils Policia Militar entered the favela Vigario Geral and using machine guns and hand grenades killed 21 residents, including 8 members of an evangelical Christian family inside their home (NYT 1993). Henceforth known as the Vigario Geral Massacre, this was said to be in revenge for the murder of four policemen at the hands of the Comando Vermelho drug faction several days earlier. Day to day life within favelas is often referred to as wartime in a country officially at peace. Residents are accustomed to daily gun battles and being under the control of the armed drug factions. Police corruption is viewed by many as the prime reason this war is able to take place. As depicted in City of God and Favela Rising, and as told by favela residents under interview, Brazils military police provide the weapons to drug factions, and facilitate the trafficking of drugs in and out of the favelas. A 1993 robbery of an armoured van in Sao Paolo perpetrated by members of Comando Vermelho was found to have been possible using metal piercing bullets from automatic weapons legally available only to the Policia Militar. (NYT 1993). The documentary XXXX shows film footage of police transporting weapons into the favela. Violence within a Political Democracy Brazils military dictatorship ended in 1985 after 20 years of rule, however under the democracy many Brazilians feel less safe. (Caldeira) Since democratic rule, police violence has reached critical levels and events indicate serious degradation of democracy, with high levels of violent crime, police crimes against citizens, and human rights abuses a regular occurrence. Public space in Rio de Janeiro is often characterised by assaults of different types, muggings, and general lawlessness, creating a culture of fear and suspicion (Caldeira). Policies attempting to bring violence under control, such as Operaà §Ãƒ £o Rio in 1994 where military police were sent into the city on a mass scale, are replacing democratic initiatives at state level with assertion of civil order in an episodic manner. Public opinion polls found general support for the operation, with a general attitude that suspected criminals should not be subject to the same human rights conventions as normal citizens (Calde ira). Violence against civilians in favelas should also be considered a failure of democracy to protect their rights. Violence towards favela inhabitants can be seen as the result of a mixture of public attitudes towards criminal activity and middle and upper class attitudes towards favela inhabitants coupled with a police system which effectively serves only the elite. Public attitude plays a large role in the politics of policing and providing assistance (or lack thereof) to favelas. Volunteer worker XXXX in the film Bus 174 spoke of the public opinion polls in relation to the police shooting of 8 street children at Candelaria, where people said the shootings were a positive event, and that â€Å"society needs to be cleaned of this dirtâ€Å". **QUOTE CALDEIRA HOLSTON P699 CRIMINALISATION OF THE POOR*** ***ALSO ALTERNATIVE JUSTICE IN FAVELAS P713*** Development of Brazils Urban Spaces Industrialisation in Brazil began in the early 20th century and has always had significant links with urbanisation, directly influencing the composition and evolvement of the urban network. The primary urban centres of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo received the largest amounts of investment during the course of Brazils economic development, resulting in mass amounts of migration from rural areas. The National Census in the year 2000 (IGBE) documented 82% of Brazils 174 million residents live in cities. Furthermore, 80% of the total population live in 25% of the municipalities, indicating strong spatial concentration. (Xavier). Despite being one of the more important economic centres of Brazil (together with Sao Paolo constituting 20% of Brazils GDP (Acioly) ) the metropolitan region of Rio De Janeiro is marked by discernible social and wealth disparities between inhabitants. The needs of low income families unable to afford rent and living in favelas and cheap land on the periphery of the city mean continuous large volumes of transit of inhabitants between the periphery and the centre, where they have access to employment and services, creating severe socio-spatial stratification at the metropolitan level. In the 1990s, confronted with increasing social tensions and the recession of the entire country, favelas and low rent land became the focus of violence, with drug trafficking establishing a power parallel to official local controls, to the detriment of municipal regulations and law. The residents associations (AMs) which were very active in the 1980s fell under continuous intimidation and fear, and were often physically in the centre of shoot-outs between gangs and police. History of Favelas in Rio The Portuguese founded Rio de Janeiro in 1565 and by the end of the 16th century the hilled regions of the city were already substantially populated. Swamplands surrounding the hills were drained and soon also attracted settlers. Until the late 18th century the primary crop of the economy was sugarcane grown on the peripheries of Rio, which greatly influenced the spatial structure of the city. (Xavier). Following the relocation of the Portuguese Royal family to Rio in 1808 and the naming of Rio as the capital of Brazil, the population increased 25%, 50% of whom were slaves. (Xavier). There was a need for construction of housing for the higher income migrants and Portuguese nobility, with houses built closer to the periphery of the city, shaping the beginning of the patterns of segregation in Rio as rich and poor lived separately and in greatly different standards of housing yet within the same city centre. In 1888 slavery was abolished and freed workers from the coffee plantations migrated in large numbers to Rio. The word favela originated in the first low income residence to be constructed in the city centre, named Morro da Providà ªncia and later â€Å"Morro da Favelaâ€Å" by residents who were primarily ex soldiers and ex-slaves whom were not capable of integration into the citys economy. (Xavier). Government initiatives to modernise Rio led to large low income residential areas including those on hillsides being demolished, displacing predominantly the citys poor and forcing them further to the peripheries to resettle. By definition a favela is a squatter settlement, usually self-built by its inhabitants illegally on land lacking any infrastructure and without any urban plan for its development. The last official estimate for the number of favelas in Rio de Janeiro was 605 (PCRJ, IPP) but unofficial estimates read that 100 more have arisen since then. The typical location of favela construction is hillside areas, though in the 21st century they have increasingly been built in swampy land areas such as near the higher income Barra de Tijuca expansion zone. (Xavier 8) Rios first urban plan was developed in the late 1920s, named Plan Agache, following a segregated functionalist principle to organise the city (Xavier). In this plan the southern beachside areas of Ipanema, Leblon and Gavea were reserved for the upper classes, while the working classes were relegated to the suburbs, and the first plans for total eradication of the favelas were made. This was the first official document to describe favelas as a problem which must be eradicated; they were viewed as an epidemic which was blighting the most expensive land in Rio. As a result of this first urban plan dividing lower, middle and upper classes into distinct sections of the city, the only option left for the poor who did not fit these categories was to move into squatter settlements, either on the city outskirts or in dangerous and therefore undesirable locations such as steep hillsides. Alongside the explosive population growth and industrialisation of the following decades, Rios transport an d housing systems were unable to cope with the rise in migrants to the city, leading to the increasing spread of favelas into the city centre into environmentally fragile areas such as the hillsides separating the upper class suburbs. Living conditions in Rio display exceptionally poor distribution, demonstrated by the discrepancies in living conditions between the rich and the poor. There is a high level of socio-spatial inequality, with income being concentrated in a miniscule proportion of the population; the poorest 50% of Rios population earn only 13% of its income, while 12% of income is earned by the richest 1%. (IPEA). The social inequality prevalent in Rio de Janeiro is not applicable only to the physical make-up of the city but in the social configuration. Those located in the periphery in a physical sense are not only spatially remote; even when located in the centre of the city nest to a high income suburb, the favelas are in contrast with the â€Å"formal cityâ€Å". (Xavier). This inequality resonates in the difficult quotidianity of life for favela residents, who constitute 17% of Rios 5.8 million residents according to the 2000 census (IGBE). Segregation Telles (1995) in his study of the structural sources of socioeconomic segregation in Brazilian metropolitan areas concludes that the extent of urbanisation and predominantly population size is the key to understanding socioeconomic spatial inequalities in Brazil, and explains the majority of variations in segregation between different metropolitan areas. In dividing up income and race groups in Rio de Janeiro based on data from the 1980 census of Brazil it can be clearly seen that there is the smallest proportion of non-white households in the largest income group, and this percentage grows proportionately as the income levels are lowered. Due to issues of race and class being strongly correlated in Brazil, segregation (found to be largest between Rios lower and middle classes) becomes racialised. Thus racial segregation is partially ascertained by the higher numbers of non-whites in poorer socio-economic groups. However in the specific case of Rio, Telles finds class identities to b e stronger than racial identities, and this is explained by Rios particular spatial factors, for example the idiosyncratic mountainous landscape which played a part in the formation of Rios favelas. Bibliography Xavier, Helia Nacif Magalhaes, Fernanda (2003) Urban Slums Report: The Case of Rio de Janeiro Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements UN IPEA/PCRJ/PNUD (2000), Relatà ³rio de Desenvolvimento Urbano A distribuià §Ãƒ £o de renda na cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro PCRJ, IPP (2000) Anuà ¡rio Estatà ­stico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro 1998, Instituto Pereira Passos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Website: http://www.armazemdedados.rio.rj.gov.br News Articles Brooke, James: 21 Shot dead in Rio Slum; Policemen are Suspected New York Times Section A p3 Column 1 August 30 1993 www.favelatour.com.br